| Pulmonic consonants | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Place → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Radical | Glottal | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Manner ↓ | Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Retroflex | Alveolo- palatal |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn- geal |
Epi- glottal |
Glottal | |||||||||||||
| Nasal | m̥ | m | ɱ | n̪ | n̥ | n | n̠ | ɳ | ɲ̟ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ | ||||||||||||
| Stop | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̪ | d̪ | t | d | ʈ | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ | ʔ | ||||||||
| Fricative | ɸ | β | f | v | θ | ð | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | ʜ | ʢ | h | ɦ |
| Approximant | ʋ | ɹ | ɻ | j | ɰ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Flap or tap | ⱱ̟ | ⱱ | ɾ | ɽ | ɢ̆ | ʡ̯ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Trill | ʙ | r̥ | r | ɽ͡r | ʀ | ᴙ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral Fric. | ɬ | ɮ | ɭ˔̊ | ʎ̥˔ | ʟ̝̊ | ʟ̝ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral Appr. | l | ɭ | ʎ̟ | ʎ | ʟ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral flap | ɺ | ɺ̠ | ʎ̯ | ʟ̆ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vowels | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Near front |
Central | Near back |
Back | ||
| Close |
|
|||||
| Near-close | ||||||
| Close-mid | ||||||
| Mid | ||||||
| Open-mid | ||||||
| Near-open | ||||||
| Open | ||||||
| Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded | ||||||
| Diacritics | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Aspirated | ◌ʰ | Breathy | ◌̤ |
| Labialised | ʷ | Dental | ◌̪ |
| Palatalised | ʲ | Apical | ◌̺ |
| Velarised | ˠ | Laminal | ◌̻ |
| Pharyngealised | ˤ | Linguo-labial | ◌̼ |
| Nasalised | ◌̃ | Double artic./ affricate |
◌͡◌ |
| Pre/post nasalised |
ⁿ | Lateral release | ˡ |
| Centralised | ◌̈ | Mid centralised | ◌̽ |
| Velar/ Pharyngealised |
ɫ | Advanced | ◌̟ |
| Rhoticity | ◌˞ | Retracted | ◌̠ |
| Ejective | ◌ʼ | Raised | ◌̝ |
| Unreleased | ◌̚ | Lowered | ◌̞ |
| Syllabic | ◌̩ | +ATR | ◌̘ |
| Non-syllabic | ◌̯ | -ATR | ◌̙ |
| Creaky | ◌̰ | More rounded | ◌̹ |
| Voiceless | ◌̥ | Less rounded | ◌̜ |
| Voiced | ◌̬ | ||
| Suprasegmentals | Diacritic tone marks |
Tone Letters & Numbers |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long | ◌ː | Extra high tone |
◌̋ | Extra low tone |
˩ |
| Half long | ◌ˑ | High tone | ◌́ | Low tone | ˨ |
| Extra long | ːː | Mid tone | ◌̄ | Mid tone | ˧ |
| Extra short | ◌̆ | Low tone | ◌̀ | High tone | ˦ |
| Primary stress |
ˈ | Extra low tone |
◌̏ | Extra high tone |
˥ |
| Secondary stress |
ˌ | Falling tone | ◌̂ | Rising tone | ˩˥ |
| Syllable break |
. | Rising tone | ◌̌ | Falling tone | ˥˩ |
| Minor group: foot |
| | Low rising tone |
˩˧ | ||
| Major group | ‖ | Low falling tone |
˧˩ | ||
| Linking - no break |
‿ | High falling tone |
˥˧ | ||
| Rising intonation |
↗ | High rising tone |
˧˥ | ||
| Falling intonation |
↘ | superscripts | |||
| Downstep | ↓ | ⁰ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ⁻ | |||
| Upstep | ↑ | ||||
| Non-pulmonic consonants | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clicks | ʘ | ǀ | ǃ | ǂ | ǁ | ||
| ʘ̃ | ʘ̃ˀ | ʘ͡q | ʘ͡qʼ | ‼ | |||
| Implosives | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ᶑ | ɠ | ʛ | |
| Ejectives | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | ʈʼ | kʼ | qʼ | |
| fʼ | θʼ | sʼ | ɬʼ | xʼ | χʼ | ||
| tsʼ | tɬʼ | cʎ̝̥ʼ | tʃʼ | ʈʂʼ | kxʼ | kʟ̝̊ʼ | |
| Affricates | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p̪f | b̪v | ts | dz | tʃ | dʒ | tɕ | dʑ | ʈʂ | ɖʐ |
| tɬ | dɮ | cç | ɟʝ | cʎ̥˔ | kʟ̝̊ | ||||
| Co-articulated consonants | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continuants | ʍ | w | ɥ | ɧ |
| Occlusives | k͡p | ɡ͡b | ŋ͡m | |