Pulmonic consonants | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Place → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Radical | Glottal | |||||||||||||||||||||
Manner ↓ | Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Retroflex | Alveolo- palatal |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn- geal |
Epi- glottal |
Glottal | |||||||||||||
Nasal | m̥ | m | ɱ | n̪ | n̥ | n | n̠ | ɳ | ɲ̟ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ | ||||||||||||
Stop | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̪ | d̪ | t | d | ʈ | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ | ʔ | ||||||||
Fricative | ɸ | β | f | v | θ | ð | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | ʜ | ʢ | h | ɦ |
Approximant | ʋ | ɹ | ɻ | j | ɰ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Flap or tap | ⱱ̟ | ⱱ | ɾ | ɽ | ɢ̆ | ʡ̯ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Trill | ʙ | r̥ | r | ɽ͡r | ʀ | ᴙ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral Fric. | ɬ | ɮ | ɭ˔̊ | ʎ̥˔ | ʟ̝̊ | ʟ̝ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral Appr. | l | ɭ | ʎ̟ | ʎ | ʟ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral flap | ɺ | ɺ̠ | ʎ̯ | ʟ̆ |
Vowels | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Near front |
Central | Near back |
Back | ||
Close |
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Near-close | ||||||
Close-mid | ||||||
Mid | ||||||
Open-mid | ||||||
Near-open | ||||||
Open | ||||||
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded |
Diacritics | |||
---|---|---|---|
Aspirated | ◌ʰ | Breathy | ◌̤ |
Labialised | ʷ | Dental | ◌̪ |
Palatalised | ʲ | Apical | ◌̺ |
Velarised | ˠ | Laminal | ◌̻ |
Pharyngealised | ˤ | Linguo-labial | ◌̼ |
Nasalised | ◌̃ | Double artic./ affricate |
◌͡◌ |
Pre/post nasalised |
ⁿ | Lateral release | ˡ |
Centralised | ◌̈ | Mid centralised | ◌̽ |
Velar/ Pharyngealised |
ɫ | Advanced | ◌̟ |
Rhoticity | ◌˞ | Retracted | ◌̠ |
Ejective | ◌ʼ | Raised | ◌̝ |
Unreleased | ◌̚ | Lowered | ◌̞ |
Syllabic | ◌̩ | +ATR | ◌̘ |
Non-syllabic | ◌̯ | -ATR | ◌̙ |
Creaky | ◌̰ | More rounded | ◌̹ |
Voiceless | ◌̥ | Less rounded | ◌̜ |
Voiced | ◌̬ |
Suprasegmentals | Diacritic tone marks |
Tone Letters & Numbers |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|
Long | ◌ː | Extra high tone |
◌̋ | Extra low tone |
˩ |
Half long | ◌ˑ | High tone | ◌́ | Low tone | ˨ |
Extra long | ːː | Mid tone | ◌̄ | Mid tone | ˧ |
Extra short | ◌̆ | Low tone | ◌̀ | High tone | ˦ |
Primary stress |
ˈ | Extra low tone |
◌̏ | Extra high tone |
˥ |
Secondary stress |
ˌ | Falling tone | ◌̂ | Rising tone | ˩˥ |
Syllable break |
. | Rising tone | ◌̌ | Falling tone | ˥˩ |
Minor group: foot |
| | Low rising tone |
˩˧ | ||
Major group | ‖ | Low falling tone |
˧˩ | ||
Linking - no break |
‿ | High falling tone |
˥˧ | ||
Rising intonation |
↗ | High rising tone |
˧˥ | ||
Falling intonation |
↘ | superscripts | |||
Downstep | ↓ | ⁰ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ⁻ | |||
Upstep | ↑ |
Non-pulmonic consonants | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clicks | ʘ | ǀ | ǃ | ǂ | ǁ | ||
ʘ̃ | ʘ̃ˀ | ʘ͡q | ʘ͡qʼ | ‼ | |||
Implosives | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ᶑ | ɠ | ʛ | |
Ejectives | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | ʈʼ | kʼ | qʼ | |
fʼ | θʼ | sʼ | ɬʼ | xʼ | χʼ | ||
tsʼ | tɬʼ | cʎ̝̥ʼ | tʃʼ | ʈʂʼ | kxʼ | kʟ̝̊ʼ |
Affricates | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p̪f | b̪v | ts | dz | tʃ | dʒ | tɕ | dʑ | ʈʂ | ɖʐ |
tɬ | dɮ | cç | ɟʝ | cʎ̥˔ | kʟ̝̊ |
Co-articulated consonants | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Continuants | ʍ | w | ɥ | ɧ |
Occlusives | k͡p | ɡ͡b | ŋ͡m |